What are the pros and cons of direct-to-consumer genetic testing?

Direct-to-consumer genetic testing offers a way to learn about your genetic information without a doctor, but it is important to weigh the benefits against significant limitations and privacy concerns.

Pros

• DNA samples are collected easily at home and can be mailed directly to the company.
• Testing can provide personalized information about disease risk, ancestry, and specific health traits.
• Testing does not require approval from a healthcare provider or insurance company.
• It may be less expensive than testing obtained through a healthcare provider.
• Results are provided directly to you and are not placed in your medical record unless you choose to share them.
• Test results may encourage healthier lifestyle choices.

Cons

• Companies only look at the genetic component, ignoring the combination of lifestyle and environmental factors that contribute to many conditions.
• Companies may test for only a few genetic variants, which can provide false reassurance based on incomplete information.
• Testing generally cannot predict with certainty whether you will develop a particular disease.
• There is currently limited oversight or regulation of these companies and third-party interpretation services.
• Results typically need to be confirmed with additional testing ordered through a healthcare professional.
• Companies may not provide access to healthcare professionals to answer questions about results.
• Genetic privacy may be compromised if data is sold, shared, or if a database is hacked.
• If a company changes ownership, goes out of business, or declares bankruptcy, your genetic information may be sold or transferred.
• Companies may be required to disclose genetic information to law enforcement.
• Receiving unexpected information about health, family relationships, or ancestry may be upsetting.
• Because relatives share genetic information, your results may have implications for other family members.
• Results may impact your ability to obtain life, disability, or long-term care insurance.

Assessing your overall health risk is complicated. While direct-to-consumer genetic testing provides some information, it does not provide a complete picture. It is important to understand what these tests can and cannot tell you before proceeding.