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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Brain Nerves

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition where nerves or blood vessels beneath the neck are compressed, leading to pain, tingling, and weakness in the shoulder, arm, and hand.

Overview

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) causes pain in the shoulder, arm, and neck. It occurs when the nerves or blood vessels just below the neck are compressed, or squeezed. The compression can happen between the muscles of the neck and shoulder or between the first rib and collarbone.

Symptoms

Typical sensations include burning, tingling, and numbness along the arm, hand, and fingers. If a nerve is compressed, weakness in the hand may occur. If a vein is compressed, the hand might be sensitive to cold, turn pale or bluish, and the arm might swell and tire easily.

Causes & Risk Factors

TOS is more common in women and usually starts between 20 and 50 years of age. There are many causes of TOS, including:

  • Injury
  • Anatomical defects
  • Tumors that press on nerves
  • Poor posture that causes nerve compression
  • Pregnancy
  • Repetitive arm and shoulder movements and activity, such as from playing certain sports

Diagnosis

Doctors use nerve studies and imaging studies to diagnose Thoracic outlet syndrome.

Treatment & Management

Treatment depends on what caused the TOS. Medicines, physical therapy, and relaxation might help. Surgery may also be an option. Most people recover.

Frequently Asked Questions

Pay close attention if your arm or hand suddenly becomes very cold, pale, or bluish, or if you experience sudden, severe swelling or weakness. These could indicate a more serious compression of blood vessels or nerves and warrant immediate medical evaluation.
Focus on maintaining good posture, especially when sitting or working at a computer. Avoid carrying heavy bags on one shoulder. Incorporate gentle stretching exercises for your neck and shoulders, and take frequent breaks if your job involves repetitive arm movements. Using a supportive pillow at night can also help.
Recovery time after surgery for TOS can vary, but generally ranges from several weeks to a few months. You'll likely have some pain and swelling initially, followed by a period of physical therapy to regain strength and range of motion. Full recovery and return to normal activities can take up to 3-6 months, depending on the individual and the extent of the surgery.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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