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Cloning
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Genetics Birth Defects

Cloning

Cloning refers to the scientific processes used to create an exact genetic replica of a cell, tissue, or organism.

The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. The most famous clone was a Scottish sheep named Dolly.

Types of Cloning

  • Gene cloning: Creates copies of genes or segments of DNA.
  • Reproductive cloning: Creates copies of whole animals.
  • Therapeutic cloning: Creates embryonic stem cells. Researchers hope to use these cells to grow healthy tissue to replace injured or diseased tissues in the human body.

Frequently Asked Questions

Key concerns include the safety and viability of cloned embryos, the potential loss of genetic diversity, the psychological impact on the clone, and the moral status of creating a human life solely for replication. Many countries prohibit human reproductive cloning on these grounds.
The U.S. federal government funds research but prohibits human reproductive cloning. Several states have additional bans. Internationally, the United Nations and many nations have treaties or laws that restrict or forbid human cloning, while allowing certain therapeutic cloning under strict oversight.
Gene cloning copies specific DNA segments for research or therapeutic use. Reproductive cloning attempts to create a whole organism that is genetically identical to the donor. Therapeutic cloning generates embryonic stem cells from a cloned embryo, aiming to grow tissues or organs for transplantation. Each type serves distinct scientific or medical goals.
Stem cells from a therapeutic clone could be differentiated into heart muscle, neurons, or pancreatic cells to replace damaged tissue in conditions like Parkinson’s, diabetes, or heart failure. Current barriers include ensuring the safety of stem‑cell‑derived tissues, preventing immune rejection, and navigating complex regulatory approval processes.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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