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Bladder Diseases
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Kidneys Urinary System

Bladder Diseases

The bladder is a hollow organ responsible for storing urine, and it can be affected by various conditions ranging from infections to chronic pain and cancer.

Common Bladder Conditions

Many conditions can affect your bladder, including:

  • Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder, often from an infection
  • Urinary incontinence: Loss of bladder control
  • Overactive bladder: A condition in which the bladder squeezes urine out at the wrong time
  • Interstitial cystitis: A chronic problem that causes bladder pain and frequent, urgent urination
  • Bladder cancer

Diagnosis and Treatment

Doctors diagnose bladder diseases using different tests, including urine tests, x-rays, and an examination of the bladder wall with a scope called a cystoscope. Treatment depends on the cause of the problem and may include medicines and, in severe cases, surgery.

Frequently Asked Questions

Behavioral therapies (bladder training, timed voiding) improve symptoms in 30‑40 % of patients. Oral antimuscarinic agents (oxybutynin, tolterodine) and β‑3 agonists (mirabegron) provide relief in about 60‑70 % of cases, with side‑effect profiles guiding drug choice.
Begin a pelvic‑floor muscle training program within the first postoperative week, maintain a moderate fluid intake (≈2 L/day), avoid bladder irritants (caffeine, alcohol, acidic juices), and schedule regular follow‑up urodynamic assessments to catch early dysfunction.
Persistent painless gross hematuria (visible blood in urine), unexplained weight loss, or a mass felt during a pelvic exam are red‑flag signs that warrant imaging (CT urography) and cystoscopy to rule out cancer, whereas cystitis usually presents with burning, urgency, and cloudy urine without blood.
First, a urine culture is done to exclude bacterial infection. Then, cystoscopy with hydrodistention may reveal characteristic glomerulations or Hunner lesions. Urodynamic studies and bladder‑pain questionnaires help confirm the diagnosis when other causes are excluded.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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