Question 1

How can I lower my risk of developing kidney stones after having one in the past?

Accepted Answer

Stay well‑hydrated (aim for 2–3 L of urine‑producing fluids daily), limit high‑oxalate foods (spinach, nuts), reduce sodium and animal‑protein intake, and discuss calcium citrate supplementation with your doctor if appropriate.

Question 2

What lifestyle changes help manage overactive bladder without medication?

Accepted Answer

Timed voiding, pelvic floor muscle training, limiting caffeine and alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, and bladder training (gradually increasing intervals between bathroom trips) can significantly reduce urgency and frequency.

Question 3

My doctor mentioned “dialysis” as a treatment option—when does a patient typically need to start dialysis?

Accepted Answer

Dialysis is usually initiated when kidney function falls below 10‑15 % of normal (eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m²) and the patient develops symptoms such as severe fluid overload, dangerous electrolyte imbalances, or uremic symptoms (nausea, itching, confusion).

Question 4

What are the earliest warning signs that my kidney function is declining?

Accepted Answer

Unexplained fatigue, swelling in the ankles or face, changes in urine volume or color, persistent high blood pressure, and elevated blood‑test markers (creatinine, BUN) are common early clues; regular blood work is essential for detection.

Kidneys and Urinary System

The Bladder

The Kidneys

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