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Interstitial Lung Diseases
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Lungs Breathing

Interstitial Lung Diseases

Interstitial lung disease refers to a group of conditions that cause inflammation or scarring of the lungs, making it difficult to obtain sufficient oxygen.

Overview

Interstitial lung disease is the name for a large group of diseases that inflame or scar the lungs. The inflammation and scarring make it hard to get enough oxygen. The scarring is called pulmonary fibrosis.

Causes and Types

Breathing in dust or other particles in the air is responsible for some types of interstitial lung diseases. Specific types include:

  • Black lung disease among coal miners, from inhaling coal dust
  • Farmer's lung, from inhaling farm dust
  • Asbestosis, from inhaling asbestos fibers
  • Siderosis, from inhaling iron from mines or welding fumes
  • Silicosis, from inhaling silica dust

Other causes include autoimmune diseases or occupational exposures to molds, gases, or fumes. Some types of interstitial lung disease have no known cause.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type of exposure and the stage of the disease. It may involve medicines, oxygen therapy, or a lung transplant in severe cases.

Frequently Asked Questions

Early signs often include a dry, persistent cough, gradual shortness of breath that worsens with activity, and a subtle “velcro‑like” crackle heard on lung exam. Fatigue and unexplained weight loss can also occur. If these symptoms develop over weeks to months, especially after known exposures (e.g., dust, molds) or in the setting of an autoimmune disease, prompt evaluation is warranted.
Diagnosis usually starts with a detailed exposure and medical history, followed by high‑resolution CT (HRCT) of the chest, which can show characteristic patterns of fibrosis or inflammation. Pulmonary function tests will typically reveal a restrictive pattern (reduced total lung capacity) and reduced diffusion capacity (DLCO). Blood tests for autoimmune markers may be ordered, and in some cases a lung biopsy (via bronchoscopy or surgical wedge) is needed to confirm the specific type.
First, ensure that any work involving asbestos follows strict occupational safety regulations: use wet methods to suppress dust, wear properly fitted respirators (NIOSH‑approved), and change protective clothing before leaving the worksite. Participate in regular health surveillance programs that include chest X‑rays or HRCT scans. If possible, seek job assignments that limit direct asbestos handling.
Start by having a written oxygen prescription that specifies flow rate (liters per minute) and duration of use. Use a certified oxygen concentrator or portable cylinders as directed, and keep them in well‑ventilated areas away from open flames or smoking. Monitor your oxygen saturation with a pulse oximeter; aim for SpO₂ ≥ 90 % during activity and rest. Keep a log of usage and any symptoms, and schedule regular follow‑up visits to reassess the need for adjustments.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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