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Pregnancy and Reproduction
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Pregnancy Reproduction

Pregnancy and Reproduction

An index of health topics covering the spectrum of reproductive health, from prenatal care and childbirth to fertility and birth control.

Topics in Pregnancy and Reproduction

  • Abortion
  • Anatomy
  • Birth Control
  • Birth Weight
  • Cesarean Delivery
  • Childbirth
  • Childbirth Problems
  • Diabetes and Pregnancy
  • Ectopic Pregnancy
  • Female Infertility
  • Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
  • Fetal Health and Development
  • Genetic Counseling
  • Genetic Testing
  • Health Problems in Pregnancy
  • High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy
  • HIV and Pregnancy
  • Infections and Pregnancy
  • Infertility
  • Miscarriage
  • Postpartum Care
  • Postpartum Depression
  • Preconception Care
  • Pregnancy
  • Pregnancy and Medicines
  • Pregnancy and Nutrition
  • Pregnancy and Opioids
  • Pregnancy and Substance Use
  • Premature Babies
  • Prenatal Care
  • Prenatal Testing
  • Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
  • Reproductive Hazards
  • Rh Incompatibility
  • Stillbirth
  • Teenage Pregnancy
  • Tubal Ligation
  • Tumors and Pregnancy
  • Twins, Triplets, Multiple Births
  • Vasectomy

Frequently Asked Questions

nyone planning to become pregnant should begin taking 400 to 800 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid daily at least one month before conception. Folic acid is essential to prevent major neural tube defects, which form in the first 28 days of pregnancy, often before a person realizes they are pregnant. A standard prenatal vitamin containing iron, iodine, and vitamin D is also commonly recommended.
Emergency medical care is needed immediately for heavy vaginal bleeding, sudden severe abdominal pain, persistent leakage of fluid from the vagina, severe headache unresponsive to acetaminophen, visual changes like blurred vision or spots, sudden swelling of the hands or face, chest pain, difficulty breathing, or a noticeable decrease in fetal movement after 24 weeks.
Clinicians recommend seeking an evaluation after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse if the female partner is under 35 years old. If the female partner is 35 or older, testing is recommended after 6 months. Couples should consult a specialist earlier if there is a known history of irregular menstrual cycles, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, prior pelvic surgery, or known male reproductive conditions.
The first prenatal visit, typically scheduled between 8 and 10 weeks of pregnancy, involves blood typing and Rh factor screening, an antibody screen, complete blood count (CBC), and testing for infectious diseases including syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV, and rubella immunity. A urine culture is done to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria, and an ultrasound is frequently performed to confirm cardiac activity and establish an accurate gestational due date.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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