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Dandruff, Cradle Cap, and Other Scalp Conditions
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Skin Hair Nails

Dandruff, Cradle Cap, and Other Scalp Conditions

Various skin conditions can affect the scalp, ranging from common dandruff to fungal infections and psoriasis.

Dandruff

Dandruff is a flaking of the skin characterized by yellow or white flakes, which may cause the scalp to feel itchy. It typically begins after puberty and is more common in men. Dandruff is usually a symptom of seborrheic dermatitis (or seborrhea), a skin condition that can also cause redness and irritation. Most cases can be controlled with dandruff shampoo; if this is ineffective, contact your health care provider.

Cradle Cap

Cradle cap is a type of seborrheic dermatitis that affects babies. It usually lasts a few months before resolving on its own. While it primarily affects the scalp, it can sometimes appear on the eyelids, armpits, groin, and ears.

  • Management: Washing the baby's hair daily with a mild shampoo and gently rubbing the scalp with fingers or a soft brush can help.
  • Severe cases: A health care provider may prescribe a medicated shampoo or cream.

Other Scalp Conditions

Other problems that can affect the scalp include:

  • Scalp ringworm: A fungal infection that causes itchy, red patches and potential bald spots. It usually affects children.
  • Scalp psoriasis: A condition causing itchy or sore patches of thick, red skin with silvery scales. Approximately half of all people with psoriasis experience it on their scalp.

Frequently Asked Questions

If dandruff lasts more than 4–6 weeks despite using anti‑dandruff shampoos, or if you notice redness, swelling, pain, or hair loss, a clinician should evaluate for seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, or a fungal infection.
Use a gentle, fragrance‑free shampoo, rinse thoroughly, and apply a diluted tea tree oil (1–2 drops per cup of water) or a 1:1 mixture of apple cider vinegar and water as a final rinse. Pat the scalp dry, avoid scratching, and keep the hair short to reduce irritation.
Mild fungal infections (ringworm) can sometimes be managed with over‑the‑counter antifungal creams or shampoos (e.g., ketoconazole). However, if the rash is extensive, spreading, or not improving after 2–3 weeks, a prescription antifungal (oral or stronger topical) is usually required. Always confirm with a clinician before starting treatment.===
Dandruff usually presents as fine, yellowish flakes on a dry scalp, often in boys after puberty. Cradle cap appears as greasy, crusty patches on a baby’s scalp, eyelids, or other skin folds, and tends to resolve by 6–12 months. Scalp psoriasis shows thick, silvery scales on a red base, sometimes with itching or pain, and may extend to the neck or ears. A pediatric dermatologist can confirm the diagnosis.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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