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Bad Breath
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Symptoms

Bad Breath

Bad breath is a common condition often caused by poor dental hygiene, specific food choices, or underlying medical issues.

Overview

There are many reasons why you might have bad breath. You can get it if you don't brush and floss regularly. Bacteria that build up in your mouth and between your teeth produce the bad odor. Other problems in your mouth, such as gum disease, dry mouth, or cavities, may also cause it. Sinusitis or problems with your nose may be to blame. You can also have bad breath if you eat some foods, like raw onions, garlic, or cabbage. Smoking also causes its own bad smell, and some diseases and medicines can cause a specific breath odor.

Management

Having good dental habits, like brushing and flossing regularly, helps fight bad breath. Mouthwashes, mints, or chewing gum may make your breath fresher. If you have a disease that causes the bad breath, treating the disease may help give you fresher breath.

Frequently Asked Questions

Medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, and some blood pressure drugs can dry the mouth, leading to halitosis. Discuss alternatives with your prescriber, use saliva substitutes, and maintain rigorous oral hygiene. If a medication is essential, ask your pharmacist about ways to mitigate the dry‑mouth effect.
Brush twice daily, floss once, and clean your tongue with a scraper. Stay hydrated to promote saliva flow, chew sugar‑free gum to stimulate saliva, and avoid foods that produce strong odors (garlic, onions). If dry mouth is a problem, use a saliva substitute or sip water frequently.
If bad breath persists despite good oral hygiene, or if you notice gum swelling, bleeding, tooth loss, or a foul taste, schedule a dental visit. Persistent halitosis with systemic symptoms (fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain) warrants medical evaluation to rule out conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, or gastrointestinal disorders.
Chronic halitosis can stem from periodontal disease, dry mouth (xerostomia), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), sinus infections, or metabolic disorders like diabetes and liver disease. Identifying the underlying cause often requires a dental exam, ENT evaluation, or metabolic testing.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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