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Sickle Cell Disease
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Blood Heart Circulation

Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders that cause red blood cells to become crescent-shaped, leading to anemia and painful blockages in blood flow.

What is sickle cell disease (SCD)?

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. If you have SCD, there is a problem with your hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. With SCD, the hemoglobin forms into stiff rods within the red blood cells. This changes the shape of the red blood cells. The cells are supposed to be disc-shaped, but instead they are crescent, or sickle, shaped.

The sickle-shaped cells are not flexible and cannot change shape easily. Many of them burst apart as they move through your blood vessels. The sickle cells usually only last 10 to 20 days, instead of the normal 90 to 120 days. Your body may have trouble making enough new cells to replace the ones that you lost. Because of this, you may not have enough red blood cells. This is a condition called anemia, and it can make you feel tired.

The sickle-shaped cells can also stick to vessel walls, causing a blockage that slows or stops the flow of blood. When this happens, oxygen can't reach nearby tissues. The lack of oxygen can cause attacks of sudden, severe pain, called pain crises. These attacks can occur without warning. If you get one, you might need to go to the hospital for treatment.

What causes sickle cell disease (SCD)?

SCD is caused by a variant (change) in a gene that has instructions for your body to make one part of the hemoglobin. This changed gene is sometimes called a sickle cell gene. People with SCD are born with two sickle cell genes, one from each parent.

If you are born with one sickle cell gene, it's called sickle cell trait. People with sickle cell trait are generally healthy, but they can pass the defective gene on to their children.

Who is more likely to have sickle cell disease (SCD)?

In the United States, most of the people with SCD are African Americans:

  • About 1 in 13 Black or African American babies are born with sickle cell trait
  • About 1 in every 365 Black or African American babies are born with sickle cell disease

SCD also affects some people who come from Hispanic, southern European, Middle Eastern, or Asian Indian backgrounds.

What are the symptoms of sickle cell disease (SCD)?

People with SCD start to have signs of the disease during the first year of life, usually around 5 or 6 months of age. Early symptoms of SCD may include:

  • Painful swelling of the hands and feet
  • Fatigue or fussiness from anemia
  • A yellowish color of the skin (jaundice) or the whites of the eyes (icterus)

The effects of SCD vary from person to person and can change over time. Most of the signs and symptoms of SCD are related to complications of the disease. They may include severe pain, anemia, organ damage, and infections.

How is sickle cell disease (SCD) diagnosed?

A blood test can show if you have SCD or sickle cell trait. Genetic tests can tell if you have one or two copies of the sickle cell gene. Genetic tests can help confirm an SCD diagnosis if the results from blood tests are not clear.

All states now test newborns for SCD (as well as many other treatable conditions) as part of their screening programs. These programs help find the conditions early, so treatment can be started right away.

Health care providers can also diagnose SCD before a baby is born. That test uses a sample of amniotic fluid (the liquid in the sac surrounding the baby) or tissue taken from the placenta (the organ that brings oxygen and nutrients to the baby).

People who are thinking about having children can have the test to find out how likely it is that their children will have SCD.

What are the treatments for sickle cell disease (SCD)?

There are many ways to manage sickle cell disease. Your medical team will probably include a hematologist, a doctor who specializes in blood diseases. You will work with your medical team to set up a treatment plan. Possible treatment options may include:

  • Treatments that can help relieve symptoms and lessen complications, including:
    • Hydroxyurea, a medicine to reduce sickling of red blood cells. This can help prevent serious symptoms of sickle cell disease. This medicine can be used in adults and in children as young as 9 months old. But this medicine is not safe during pregnancy.
    • Voxelotor, another medicine to prevent the sickling of red blood cells. It can be used in adults and children ages 4 years and older.
    • Pain relievers for acute or chronic pain.
    • Antibiotics to try to prevent infections in younger children.
    • Blood transfusions for severe anemia. If you have had some serious complications, such as a stroke, you may have transfusions to prevent more complications.
    • Other treatments for specific complications, such as medicines to lower blood pressure and vitamins to treat a vitamin deficiency.
  • Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, which can cure SCD. Because these transplants are risky and can have serious side effects, they are usually only used in children with severe SCD. For the transplant to work, the bone marrow must be a close match. Usually, the best donor is a brother or sister.
  • Gene therapies to treat SCD in people who are 12 years and older and have had repeated sickle cell crises. These new therapies involve taking some of your blood stem cells and either adding new DNA to them or changing their existing DNA. Then these cells are given back to you, and they can make a type of hemoglobin that is healthy. This can reduce the complications of SCD, including the SCD crises.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) seems to help some people deal with pain caused by SCD. These types of CAM may lower your pain, especially if it is not well managed with medicines:

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (a type of counseling)
  • Acupuncture
  • Exercise or movement programs, such as yoga
  • Massage
  • Meditation and mindfulness practices
  • Virtual reality, a computer-generated 3D environment you can see with special goggles

It's also important to take steps to keep yourself as healthy as possible:

  • Get regular medical care
  • Get your routine vaccinations
  • Live a healthy lifestyle
  • Avoid situations that may set off a pain crisis

Frequently Asked Questions

Daily management involves staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, avoiding extreme temperatures (both hot and cold), getting adequate rest, and managing stress. Regular, moderate exercise is beneficial, but avoid overexertion. It's crucial to take all prescribed medications, including hydroxyurea if recommended, and to attend all scheduled doctor appointments for monitoring and preventive care. Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption is also important.
Early warning signs of a pain crisis can include sudden, severe pain in any part of the body, often described as sharp, throbbing, or stabbing. It might start as a dull ache and quickly intensify. Other signs can include fever, swelling in hands and feet (dactylitis, especially in children), or unusual fatigue. You should seek emergency care immediately if you experience severe pain that doesn't respond to home pain management, difficulty breathing, sudden vision changes, severe headache, weakness on one side of the body, or prolonged erection (priapism).
Sickle cell disease is inherited when a child receives a sickle cell gene from both parents. If one parent has SCD and the other has sickle cell trait (carries one gene but usually has no symptoms), there is a 50% chance with each pregnancy that the child will have SCD and a 50% chance they will have sickle cell trait. If both parents have sickle cell trait, there is a 25% chance the child will have SCD, a 50% chance they will have sickle cell trait, and a 25% chance they will not inherit either gene. Genetic counseling and carrier screening (blood tests for sickle cell trait) are available for prospective parents to understand their risk and options.
Long-term complications can be severe and affect multiple organ systems. These include chronic pain, acute chest syndrome (a lung complication), stroke, kidney damage, liver problems, gallstones, vision loss, leg ulcers, and increased susceptibility to infections. Regular medical follow-up, vaccinations, and adherence to treatment plans are vital to monitor for and manage these complications, aiming to improve quality of life and longevity.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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