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Syringomyelia
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Brain Nerves

Syringomyelia

Syringomyelia is a rare disorder characterized by the formation of a fluid-filled cyst within the spinal cord that can lead to progressive tissue damage.

Overview

Syringomyelia is a rare disorder that causes a cyst to form in your spinal cord. This cyst, called a syrinx, gets bigger and longer over time, destroying part of the spinal cord. In some cases, there are no symptoms, so you may not need treatment.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary according to the size and location of the syrinx and often begin in early adulthood. Damage to the spinal cord from the syrinx can cause:

  • Pain and weakness in the back, shoulders, arms, or legs
  • Headaches
  • Inability to feel hot or cold

Causes & Risk Factors

Syringomyelia usually results from a skull abnormality called a Chiari I malformation. Other potential causes include:

  • Tumors
  • Meningitis
  • Physical trauma

Treatment & Management

Surgery is the main treatment for this condition. Additional management strategies include:

  • Draining the syrinx
  • Using medicines to help ease pain

Frequently Asked Questions

The decision for surgery depends on several factors, including the size and growth of the syrinx, the severity and progression of your symptoms, and the underlying cause (e.g., Chiari malformation). If the syrinx is small and not causing significant symptoms, monitoring with regular MRI scans may be recommended. Surgery is typically considered when symptoms are progressive or severe, or if the syrinx is expanding.
While Chiari I malformation, a common cause of syringomyelia, can have a genetic component, it's not always directly inherited in a simple pattern. Most cases are sporadic. However, if there's a strong family history of Chiari malformation or syringomyelia, it might be reasonable for close relatives to discuss screening options with a neurologist or genetic counselor, especially if they experience symptoms.
You should consult a doctor if you experience new or worsening pain, weakness, or numbness in your back, neck, shoulders, arms, or legs. A significant change in your ability to feel hot or cold, or persistent headaches, are also important signs that warrant evaluation.
Even after treatment, some individuals may experience persistent pain, weakness, or sensory changes due to prior spinal cord damage. Regular follow-up appointments and imaging are crucial to monitor for syrinx recurrence or progression. Physical therapy and pain management strategies may be ongoing to optimize function and quality of life.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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