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Neural Tube Defects
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Genetics Birth Defects

Neural Tube Defects

Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord that occur during the first month of pregnancy.

Overview

These defects often develop before a woman knows she is pregnant. While the exact causes are unknown, getting enough folic acid—a type of B vitamin—before and during pregnancy can prevent most cases.

Common Types

  • Spina bifida: The fetal spinal column does not close completely, typically resulting in nerve damage and some degree of leg paralysis.
  • Anencephaly: Most of the brain and skull fail to develop. Infants with this condition are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth.
  • Chiari malformation: A defect that causes brain tissue to extend into the spinal canal.

Risk Factors

You are at a greater risk of having an infant with a neural tube defect if you:

  • Have obesity
  • Have poorly controlled diabetes
  • Take certain antiseizure medicines

Diagnosis and Treatment

Neural tube defects are usually diagnosed before birth through imaging or lab tests. There is no cure, and the nerve damage present at birth is typically permanent. However, various treatments can help manage complications and prevent further damage.

Frequently Asked Questions

Signs of spina bifida may include a visible dimple or patch of hair on the lower back, weakness or paralysis in the legs, and difficulty controlling bladder or bowel movements. Management in the first year often involves early surgical closure of the spinal defect, physical therapy to maintain mobility, and monitoring for associated conditions like hydrocephalus, which may require a shunt.
Breastfeeding is generally encouraged and safe for infants with neural tube defects, as it provides essential nutrients for growth and development. There are no specific dietary restrictions for the infant related to the defect itself, but you should consult with a pediatrician or dietitian to ensure the baby is meeting their nutritional needs, especially if they have feeding difficulties or require tube feeding.
The recommended daily intake for women of childbearing age is 400 to 800 micrograms of folic acid. It is best to start taking this supplement at least one month before trying to conceive and continue through the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. If you have a history of a neural tube defect pregnancy or take certain antiseizure medications, your doctor may recommend a higher dose, such as 4 milligrams daily.
Long-term physical therapy goals focus on maximizing mobility, preventing joint contractures, and promoting independence in daily activities. This may involve training in the use of wheelchairs, braces, or assistive devices. With appropriate support and therapy, many individuals with spina bifida achieve a high level of independence in school, work, and social activities, though the degree of independence varies based on the severity of the defect and associated complications.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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