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Hantavirus Infections
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Infections

Hantavirus Infections

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare but deadly viral infection transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents or their waste.

Overview

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare but deadly viral infection spread by mice and rats. These rodents shed the virus in their urine, droppings, and saliva. Tiny droplets containing the virus can enter the air, and individuals can contract the disease by breathing in infected air or coming into direct contact with rodents, their urine, or their droppings. It is important to note that you cannot catch HPS from other people.

Symptoms

Early symptoms of HPS include:

  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Muscle aches, especially in the thighs, hips, and back
  • Headaches
  • Chills
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain

Later symptoms include coughing and shortness of breath.

Prevention and Management

Controlling rodents in and around your home is the most effective way to prevent infection. If you have been exposed to rodents and experience symptoms such as fever, deep muscle aches, and severe shortness of breath, seek medical attention immediately.

There is no specific treatment, cure, or vaccine for HPS. Patients often have better outcomes if the condition is recognized early and they receive care in an intensive care unit. Treatment frequently involves the use of a breathing machine and oxygen therapy.

Frequently Asked Questions

No vaccine or post‑exposure prophylaxis exists for hantavirus. The only effective strategy is prompt medical evaluation; early supportive care in an intensive‑care setting improves survival.
The greatest risk occurs when you disturb dust in areas with heavy mouse or rat infestation—cleaning out a shed, attic, or basement; sweeping floors; or shaking out stored items where droppings, urine, or nesting material are present.
If you develop sudden shortness of breath, rapid breathing, or a cough that produces frothy sputum, especially after fever, muscle aches, and fatigue, treat it as a medical emergency. Early respiratory distress can progress quickly to respiratory failure.
First, wear a N‑95 respirator, disposable gloves, and eye protection. Wet the droppings, urine, and nesting material with a bleach solution (1 part bleach to 10 parts water) or a commercial disinfectant, letting it soak for at least 5 minutes before sweeping or wiping up. Avoid dry sweeping or vacuuming, which can aerosolize virus particles. After cleaning, wash hands thoroughly and discard protective gear safely.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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