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Hepatitis
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Infections

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, toxins, or autoimmune conditions, potentially leading to long-term liver damage.

What is hepatitis?

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver, which is swelling that occurs when body tissues are injured or infected. This can damage the liver and affect its function. It can be an acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) infection.

What causes hepatitis?

  • Viral hepatitis: The most common type, caused by hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E.
  • Alcoholic hepatitis: Caused by heavy alcohol use.
  • Toxic hepatitis: Caused by poisons, chemicals, medicines, or supplements.
  • Autoimmune hepatitis: A chronic type where the immune system attacks the liver.

How is viral hepatitis spread?

Hepatitis A and E typically spread through contact with food or water contaminated with an infected person's stool; hepatitis E can also be contracted by eating undercooked pork, deer, or shellfish. Hepatitis B, C, and D spread through contact with infected blood, and in the case of B and D, other body fluids, such as through sharing needles or unprotected sex.

What are the symptoms of hepatitis?

Some people have no symptoms. When they do occur, they may include:

  • Fever and fatigue
  • Loss of appetite, nausea, and/or vomiting
  • Abdominal pain
  • Dark urine and clay-colored bowel movements
  • Joint pain
  • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

What other problems can hepatitis cause?

Chronic hepatitis can lead to complications such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver failure, and liver cancer. Early diagnosis is key to preventing these outcomes.

How is hepatitis diagnosed?

Providers use medical history, physical exams, blood tests, imaging tests (ultrasound, CT, or MRI), and potentially a liver biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and assess damage.

What are the treatments for hepatitis?

Treatment depends on the type and duration of the infection. Acute viral hepatitis often resolves with rest and fluids. Chronic types may require specific medications. Alcoholic hepatitis requires cessation of drinking. In cases of liver failure or cancer, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Can hepatitis be prevented?

Prevention depends on the type: vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B, and limiting alcohol can prevent alcoholic hepatitis. Autoimmune hepatitis cannot be prevented.

Frequently Asked Questions

Symptoms alone are often insufficient to distinguish between the two types, as both can present with fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, and dark urine. The differentiation relies heavily on medical history and diagnostic testing. A history of heavy alcohol use suggests alcoholic hepatitis, while exposure to contaminated food or water, or blood contact, points toward viral causes. Blood tests are essential to identify specific viral markers (such as Hepatitis A, B, or C antibodies) or to assess liver enzymes and alcohol biomarkers to confirm the underlying cause. What are the immediate steps to take if I suspect I have been exposed to Hepatitis A or E?::If you suspect exposure to Hepatitis A or E, contact your healthcare provider immediately. For Hepatitis A, post-exposure prophylaxis, which may include the Hepatitis A vaccine or immune globulin, can be effective if administered within two weeks of exposure. For Hepatitis E, there is no specific vaccine or prophylaxis available in most regions, so management focuses on supportive care and monitoring. Early medical consultation is crucial to determine the appropriate preventive measures and to monitor for the onset of symptoms. Can hepatitis be cured, and does the treatment differ by type?::The curability of hepatitis depends entirely on the type. Hepatitis A and E are acute infections that resolve on their own in most people and do not require specific antiviral treatment; care is supportive. Hepatitis B can be managed with antiviral medications that suppress the virus, and while a complete cure is rare, functional cure is possible in some cases. Hepatitis C is highly curable with modern direct-acting antiviral therapies, which can eliminate the virus in over 95% of patients. Alcoholic hepatitis requires strict abstinence from alcohol, and autoimmune hepatitis is managed with long-term immunosuppressive medications. What dietary adjustments are recommended for someone recovering from acute hepatitis?::During recovery from acute hepatitis, the liver is inflamed and may struggle to process nutrients efficiently. A diet rich in complex carbohydrates, lean proteins, and fresh fruits and vegetables is recommended to support liver regeneration. It is crucial to avoid alcohol completely, as it places additional stress on the liver. Patients should also limit high-fat and fried foods, which can be difficult to digest and may exacerbate nausea. Staying well-hydrated is important, especially if the patient is experiencing vomiting or diarrhea.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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