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Burns
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Skin Hair Nails

Burns

Burns are tissue injuries caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation, ranging from superficial to life‑threatening.

Overview

A burn is damage to the body’s tissues resulting from exposure to heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. Common causes include scalds from hot liquids or steam, building fires, flammable liquids and gases, and inhalation injuries from breathing smoke.

Types of Burns

  • First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin.
  • Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath.
  • Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and the tissues beneath.

Complications

Burns can lead to swelling, blistering, scarring, shock, and even death. Because the skin’s protective barrier is compromised, infections are a significant risk.

Treatment & Management

Treatment depends on the cause, depth, and extent of the burn:

  • Topical antibiotic creams to prevent or treat infection.
  • For more serious burns: wound cleaning, skin grafting or replacement, and ensuring adequate fluid and nutritional support.

Frequently Asked Questions

Cool the burn under running lukewarm water for 10–20 minutes, do not use ice. Gently clean the area with mild soap, cover with a sterile, non‑adhesive dressing, and avoid breaking blisters. Take an over‑the‑counter pain reliever if needed and monitor for signs of infection.
Seek medical care if the burn covers more than 10% of the body, involves the face, hands, feet, genitals, or a major joint, if it is third‑degree, or if you notice severe pain, swelling, fever, or pus. Small, superficial burns that are less than 5% of the body and not on critical areas can usually be managed at home.
Third‑degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis, often leaving scar tissue that is thinner, less elastic, and more prone to contracture. Patients may experience reduced sensation, increased risk of skin cancer, and functional limitations if the burn involves joints or major muscles. Physical therapy and, in some cases, skin grafting can improve mobility and appearance.
Keep the wound clean by gently washing with mild soap and water, apply an appropriate topical antibiotic ointment, and change dressings as directed. Avoid exposing the burn to dirt, pets, or harsh chemicals. Watch for redness, increased pain, swelling, or foul odor—any of these signs warrants prompt medical evaluation.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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