Neurological Exam
A neurological exam is a comprehensive series of tests used to evaluate the health and function of your central and peripheral nervous systems.
Overview
A neurological exam, or "neuro" exam, checks for disorders of the nervous system. Your nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nerves, which carry signals between the central nervous system and the rest of your body.
Because the nervous system controls nearly all body processes, the exam evaluates several areas:
- Muscle movement, balance, and coordination (controlled by motor nerves).
- Autonomic processes (heartbeat, breathing, and digestion).
- Sensory function (touch, smell, hearing, and vision).
- Mental status (thinking, memory, and emotions).
What is it used for?
The exam is used to assess nervous system health during routine checkups, investigate symptoms of potential disorders, or monitor known conditions. It helps diagnose or evaluate:
- Degenerative nerve diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease, dementia).
- Diabetic nerve problems.
- Epilepsy.
- Headache disorders (e.g., migraines).
- Meningitis.
- Multiple sclerosis.
- Nerve damage from injuries.
Why do I need a neurological exam?
You may need this exam if you experience symptoms such as:
- Pain in the back, neck, head, or along a nerve (e.g., sciatica).
- Tremors or muscle stiffness/weakness.
- Balance or coordination issues.
- Numbness or tingling.
- Changes in senses or slurred speech.
- Confusion or seizures.
What happens during a neurological exam?
Typically performed by a neurologist, the exam begins with a review of your symptoms, medical history, and a physical exam. Specific tests may include:
- Mental status: Assessing memory, alertness, and problem-solving through questions or simple tasks.
- Cranial nerves: Testing the 12 nerves connecting the brain to the face, eyes, ears, and throat (e.g., identifying smells or tongue movement).
- Coordination and balance: Evaluating movement through tasks like walking in a straight line or touching your finger to your nose.
- Reflexes: Using a rubber hammer to check automatic responses, which indicates how well nerves between the spinal cord and muscles are functioning.
- Sensory nerves: Testing your ability to feel touch, temperature, and vibration.
- Autonomic nervous system: Checking blood pressure, heart rate, and eye response to light.
Results and Follow-up
There is no risk to the exam and no special preparation is required. If results are not normal, your provider may order further testing, such as blood/urine tests, imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing, biopsy, or electrical activity tests like an EEG or EMG. In some cases, a mental health screening may be conducted, as nervous system disorders and mental health conditions can present with similar symptoms.